Theme 1 – GPS is inherently vulnerable to jamming/spoofing, creating a need for resilient navigation
- “GPS signals are just incredibly weak so it takes next to nothing to drown them out.” – jacquesm
- “If you have GPS, LORAN, VORs, NDBs, astronavigation, etc. you have many more options at your disposal and present a much more complex attack target.” – teeray
Theme 2 – Ground‑based systems (LORAN/eLoran, VOR) are proposed as backups, with noted strengths and drawbacks
- “LORAN, from my quick googling, looks to be about 6‑7 orders of magnitude higher received power.” – azernik
- “Even a 160 m guy‑wire tower is cheap… but such an antenna will be extremely conspicuous and easy to triangulate.” – lstodd / cyberax
- “VOR is extremely short range and requires an extraordinary number of transmitters… LORAN … only required one master station and a few remote stations to provide continent‑scale coverage.” – buildsjets
Theme 3 – Technical hardening of GNSS (multi‑constellation, L5, adaptive antennas, inertial/star navigation) is seen as a way to mitigate jamming
- “L5‑band signals are 30× harder to jam and interfere with compared to L1…” – toomuchtodo
- “Single element antennas, adaptive antennas, beam steering antennas… basically attempting to pull good RF while avoiding bad RF.” – toomuchtodo
- “Astro‑inertial guidance … is used on submarine‑launched ballistic missiles.” – leonidasrup